Sources

EEGs first documentation; Elefanten am Zoo und Circus

Relevant Literature about Sources

Contributors

Large parts of data globally during the last 10 years has been collected by organizations and discussion groups and a number of contributors, who generously shared with me data of elephants in private correspondence. Among them is Peter Stolk, Gerjan Siet from Netherlands and Robert Cline and Ryan Easley from U.S.A. William Buckles Woodcocks Circus Blog has been a great inspiration, and Buckles helped me when I had questions. Buckles Blog is a very important historical documentation of Circus elephants in Noerth America.

Cited sources

Europe

A major part concerning elephants in Europe and North america has been sourced from and inspired by The European Elephant Group (EEG), and their publication Elephants in Zoo and Circus, written by Dr Fred Kurt, Alexander Haufellner, Jürgen Schilfarth, Georg Schweiger from Germany, and John Edwards from United Kingdom. Lately Tobias Dornbush has also shared information.

Asian Elephant Studbook, Europe Regional (EEP) was compiled by Rob Belterman, Ton Dorresteyn and Martin van Wees from Netherlands, as well as the African Elephant Studbook - AZA Elephant TAG/SSP by Amelia Terkel, Israel.

The numerous people behind the Elephant Wiki at elefanten.wikia.com, members of the German Tiergarten-Forum, Gerald Postmas website on Dutch elephants, Jonas Livet from France managing the database asianelephant.net and photographer Petra Prager from Germany, who manage zooelefanten.de has been important sources of records in Europe, and have all provided a friendly cooperation. A comprehensive list of elephants from 1878 in Denmark has been compiled by a man who I only know by his sir name Henning, in Denmark, which has also been valuable, as well as late elephant keeper Gerd Kohl, Stephanie Wroben, Daniela Dunger and Heike Klabunde, all five from Germany, while Raffael de Ritis has helped with elephants from Italy, and Christian Hamel from From France. Jim Clubb and Jim Stockley has also helped with insight in elephant on circus in UK, and captive elephants in South Africa. Tobias Dornbusch from EEG, and elephant fan Jan Jacobi, both in Germany, has sometimes provided info and corrections on certain records.

Lately, Circus Knie in Switzerland publisged a book in German, with translated title "100 years of elephants at Circus Knie".

North America

A very large part from EEGs sources regarding circus elephants in North America are from the extremely impressing work done by a number of circus historians like Richard Reynolds, elephant trainer William "Buckles" Woodcock and Bob Cline, who also wrote the book "Americas Elephants".

Large parts of the database listings of North American elephants has been updated with generous help from The Elephant Managers historian, tiger trainer Ryan Esley, while elephants from North American Zoos has largely been sourced from the North American Studbook for Asian elephants (SSP) by Mike Keele as well as African Elephant Studbook - AZA Elephant TAG/SSP by Deborah Olsen.

Thailand

For Asia in general, especially Thailand, Richard C. Lair and colleges did fairly early an impressing work of compiling records, under difficult and primitive conditions, which even today stick out as very concise documentations and meant a lot for me in order to start taking the first trembling steps to list elephants from range countries. Richard Lair also wrote the book "Gone Astray: The Care and Management of the Asian Elephant in Domesticity".

Former head for Elephant Kingdom in Surin, Wanchai Tunwattana gave me access to the record keeping of elephants in Baan Ta Klang in Surin, Thailand, where I have spent weeks filing the apr 400 elephants around Surin.

Indonesia

Regarding captive elephants in Indonesia, I the documentation from Way Kambas by Joanne Reilly, has been very useful.

Africa

Most elephants from East Africa were documented through Cynthia Moss and the Amboseli Research Foundation, as well as The David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust. Cynthia Moss has published a number of books, including "Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family" and "The Amboseli Elephants: A Long-Term Perspective on a Long-Lived Mammal
The Amboseli Elephants: A Long-Term Perspective on a Long-Lived Mammal".

Australia

From Australia and most of the information from Australasian Region was sourced from the Asian Elephant Studbook by David Pepper-Edwards and research on circus elephants by
Elizabeth Clark.

Japan

Elephants from Japan have in parts been sourced from the Studbooks made by the Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums by Yukio Kawaguchi.

Cambodia

A number of elephants in Cambodia has been updated by assistance from by Jack Highwood and records from Flora and Fauna Foundation.

Vietnam

Elephant survey in Vietnam has been compiled by Cao Thi Ly, and my local research when visiting Buon Don in Dak Lak, Vietnam.

Sri Lanka

Jayantha Jayewardene has contributed regarding elephants in Sri Lanka.

India

Upon initiative from Surendra Varma and others, databases has been compiled over captive elephants from Andamans, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and other states in India.

Pathology and diseases

Gary S. Hayward, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A. has been generously sharing specific information about elephant herpes EEHV cases.

And many others...

Apart from the named persons and institutions, a number of helpful and people from all over the world has joined me in my efforts and generously shared information over longer periods, as well as all those who has written about historical elephants and their history which would otherwise had been difficult to reconstruct, for which I am most greatful.

Internal relevant links on website www.elephant.se

Sources mentioned in The Elephant Database

7 articles about countries in the elephant database match the word Sources.

14 locations holdings in the elephant database match the word Sources.

At Hill Adventures, camp in Chalong
Burma Forest Department, camp in
Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen), zoo in Hamburg
Dubai Safari Park, zoo in Dubai
Hannibal Barca, private in
Horowpothana Elephant Holding Ground (HEHG), sanctuary in Horowpathana National Park
Maidstone Zoo (Sir Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake), zoo in Maidstone
Mount Cameroon National Park, wild in Mt. Cameroon
North Carolina Zoo, zoo in Asheboro, North Carolina
Ridi Vihara (Silver temple), temple in Kandy
Ringling Bros. Circus, circus in Baraboo
Sauraha elephant breeding centre, camp in Bharatpur
Siam Safari Chalong, camp in Chalong, Phuket
Sri Lanka National Zoological Gardens (Dehiwela Zoo), zoo in Dehiwala, Colombo

82 elephants in the elephant database match the word Sources

LA-F Amelia born 1968? arrived 1968-00-00 at Amboseli National Park in Kenya
LA-F Amelia born 1968? arrived at Amboseli National Park in Kenya
EM-F Anarkali born 1961? arrived at Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park in India, from Palamau elephant camp, in India.
EM-M Andal born arrived 2019-12-00 at Top Slip Kozhikkamuthy Elephant camp (Annaimalai) in India, from Kurumbapatti Zoological Park, in India.
EM-M Baby born 1932 arrived 1954-09-05 at Kiev Zoo in Ukraine, from Leningrad Zoo (St. Petersburg Zoo), in Russia.
EM-F Bhavani born 2013-07-00 arrived 2013-10-02 at Kottoor elephant rehabilitation centre (ERC) in India
EM-M Bhogeshwara born 1962? arrived at Bandipur National Park in India
EM-F Boni born 2021-02-01 arrived 2021-02-01 at Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU) in Indonesia
LA-M Buby (Bubi) born arrived 1920-00-00 at Circus Kludsky in Czech Republic, from Firma Ruhe, in Germany.
EM-M Bunta born 1989 arrived 2016-01-00 at Serbajadi Conservation Response Unit (CRU) in Indonesia, from Aceh unspecified location, in Indonesia.
EM-F Cek Mek (Chek Mek) born arrived at Kuala Gandah Elephant Conservation Education Centre in Malaysia
EM-M Chinnathambi born arrived 2019-02-00 at Varagaliar elephant camp in India, from Anamalai Tiger Reserve (ATR), in India.
EM-M Chocky born arrived at Phnom Tamao Zoo and Wildlife Rescue Center (PTWRC) in Cambodia, from Mondulkiri province unspecified location, in Cambodia.
LA-F Coco born ~1977 arrived 2008-07-13 at The elephant camp (Wild Horizons) in Zimbabwe, from Wild Horizons Elephant Camp, in Zimbabwe.
EM-F Dixie born 1917 arrived 1932-01-18 at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park in United Kingdom, from Bostock & Wombwells Menagerie (Wombwell No.2 menagerie), in United Kingdom.
EM-M Don Pedro born arrived 1897-00-00 at Barnum and Baileys circus European tour in United States, from O'Brien Circus, in United States.
EM-F Dora born 1902 arrived 1910-05-25 at Poznan Zoo in Poland, from Cologne Zoo (Köln Zoo), in Germany.
EM-F Drumbo (Mary) born 1970-00-00 arrived 1987-09-25 at Berlin Zoo in Germany, from Bussolengo Safari Park (Garda Zoological Park), in Italy.
EM-M Dundry (Jumbo?) born arrived 1918-00-00 at Sydney Zoo in Australia, from Wirth Circus, in Australia.
EM-M Dwiki born arrived 2022-12-18 at Aek Nauli Elephant Conservation Camp in Indonesia, from Barumun Nagari wildlife sanctuary, in Indonesia.
EM-F Fatima (Bamula) born 1947 arrived 1972-01-29 at Aalborg Zoo (Aalborg Zoologiske Have) in Denmark, from Torbjörn Aggenberg, in Sweden.
EM-F Ganga born 1998 arrived at Ramapura camp in India, from Ramapura camp, in India.
EM-F Ganga born 2000 arrived 2003-00-00 at Jumbo Circus in India, from Sonepur Fair, in India.
EM-F Ganga born 1948 arrived 1957-00-00 at Shri Kshetra Dharmasthala Manjunatha Swamy Temple in India, from Sakrebyle elephant camp, in India.
EM-F Gom Phoy born 1961 arrived 2019-12-00 at Kulen Elephant Forest in Cambodia, from Angkor Wat elephants, in Cambodia.
EM-F Gyp (Gypsy, Empress?) born arrived 1907-00-00 at Great J. E. Henry Show in United States, from Cook and Barrett (Cook Bros), in United States.
EM-F Hannolore born 1938-09-05 arrived 1943-00-00 at Firma Ruhe in Germany, from Hannover Zoo, in Germany.
EM-F Homaline born 1995-10-26 arrived 2006-10-23 at Pont-Scorff Zoo in France, from La Palmyre Zoo, in France.
EM-F Ida born 1970 arrived 1971-07-03 at Copenhagen Zoo in Denmark, from Mysore Zoo, in India.
EM-unknown Ira born 2007 arrived 2007-00-00 at Sidhi elephant camp (Sanjay National Park) in India
EM-F Jennie born 1902 arrived 1942-11-13 at Franklin Park Zoo in United States, from Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, in United States.
EM-F Jenny II born 1911 arrived 1939-00-00 at Firma Ruhe in Germany, from Berlin Zoo, in Germany.
EM-M Joyraj born <1944 arrived at Bagori elephant camp (Kaziranga) in India, from Thungru Kohora elephant camp (Kaziranga), in India.
EM-M Julius born 1912-04-06 arrived 1912-04-06 at Copenhagen Zoo in Denmark
EM-M Kaeo (Phra Savet Adulyadej Phahnon) born 1951 arrived 2004-03-00 at Klai Kangwon Palace in Thailand, from Chitrlada Palace Royal Elephant Stable (Chang Ton Museum Dusit), in Thailand.
EM-F Kantha (Kanthi) born 1949 arrived at Ramapura camp in India, from K Gudi Wilderness Camp (Kyathadevara Gudi), in India.
EM-M Karthik born 2014? arrived 2014-00-00 at Dubare elephant camp (Aanekaadu) in India
EM-M Kaspar born 1907-12-09 arrived 1922-10-00 at Jardin d´Acclimatation in France, from Hannover Zoo, in Germany.
EM-M Krishna born arrived 1990-00-00 at Bondla zoo in India
EM-F Lakshmi born ~2010 arrived 2012-00-00 at Konni Elephant Kraal Reserve in India
LA-F Landa born 1984? arrived 1986-04-28 at Pretoria Zoo in South Africa, from Brian Boswells Circus, in South Africa.
EM-unknown Lia born ~1991 arrived at Serbajadi Conservation Response Unit (CRU) in Indonesia
EM-M Lilik born ~1991 arrived at Serbajadi Conservation Response Unit (CRU) in Indonesia
EM-F Lisa born 1977 arrived 2004-04-26 at Tesso Nilo WWF-BKSDA Flying Squad camp in Indonesia, from Minas Elephant Training Center, in Indonesia.
EM-M Maligawa Raja born ~1913 arrived 1937-07-31 at Kandy Sri Dalada Maligawa Temple of the Tooth in Sri Lanka, from Tikiri Bandara Mampitiya, in Sri Lanka.
EM-F Manuela (Manula) born arrived 1950-00-00 at Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in United States, from Circus Schreiber, in Sweden.
LA-F Marcia (wild) born 1960? arrived at Amboseli National Park in Kenya
EM-F Mary Ann born arrived 1904-11-27 at Adelaide Zoo in Australia
EM-F Masini born ~2007 arrived 2018-07-00 at Thanjavur Veterinary College and Research Institute in India, from Samayapuram Sri Mariamman Temple, in India.
EM-F Mek Bunga born arrived at Kuala Gandah Elephant Conservation Education Centre in Malaysia
EM-F Menaka born 1989 arrived 2017-00-00 at Camp King Elephant camp (Rajaji National Park) in India, from Bannerghatta Biological Park Zoo, in India.
EM-F Minyak born 1932-01-29 arrived 1964-00-00 at Carson and Barnes Circus in United States, from Hoxie Brothers Circus, in United States.
EM-F Miss Siam born 1881 arrived 1884-01-01 at Adelaide Zoo in Australia, from Melbourne Zoo, in Australia.
LA-M Motty born 1978-07-11 arrived 1978-07-11 at Chester Zoo in United Kingdom
EM-F Ngatini born ~2000-00-00 arrived 2017-03-00 at Buluh Cina ecopark in Indonesia, from Minas Elephant Training Center, in Indonesia.
EM-M Nikolai born 1993-05-02 arrived 2021-07-02 at Munster Zoo in Germany, from Amsterdam Artis Zoo, in Netherlands.
EM-unknown noname (wild, dead) born arrived at Rajaji National Park in India
EM-F noname (wild) born arrived 2020-04-00 at Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) in India, from Athagarh Forest Division, in India.
EM-F Nonik born ~1987 arrived at Serbajadi Conservation Response Unit (CRU) in Indonesia
EM-M Paichit born 2017 arrived 2017-03-00 at Saree Elephant Training Center (PLG-Saree) in Indonesia
EM-F Pearl born 1988-12-07 arrived 1991-04-25 at Lincoln Park Zoo in United States, from Houston Zoo, in United States.
LA-M Pluto born arrived 1886-00-00 at Circus Krone in Germany
EM-M Polakulam Vishnu Narayanan born 1990? arrived at P. K. Narayanan in India
EM-F Puan Pandan Wangi born ~2017 arrived 2019-12-00 at Minas Elephant Training Center in Indonesia, from Taman Negara National Park, in Malaysia.
LA-F Pumbi born 1985? arrived 1987-04-28 at Pretoria Zoo in South Africa, from Kruger National Park, in South Africa.
EM-M Robin born ~2000-00-00 arrived 2017-03-00 at Buluh Cina ecopark in Indonesia, from Minas Elephant Training Center, in Indonesia.
EM-F Saifon (Tong Yip?) born 2012-02-28 arrived 2012-02-28 at Kinnaree House elephant camp in Thailand, from Sommai Salangam, in Thailand.
EM-F Sambo (Sam Bo, Sombo) born 1960 arrived 2014-12-00 at Elephant Valley Project Cambodia in Cambodia, from Sin Sorn, in Cambodia.
LA-M Slit Trunk born 1959? arrived at Amboseli National Park in Kenya
EM-M Somchok (Johnny) born 2010 arrived 2012-11-29 at Phu Thai Review Souvenir Market in Thailand, from Thai Elephant Conservation Center (TECC), in Thailand.
EM-F stillborn born 2005-02 arrived 2005-02-00 at Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation in United States
EM- The Cremona elephant born arrived 1229-00-00 at Frederick II of Holy German empire in Italy, from Al-Kamil of Egypt, in Egypt.
EM-M Tippoo Sahib born arrived 1848-00-00 at Van Amburg Circus in United States, from Unknown, in Unknown.
EM-F unknown born 1988 arrived at Bandhavgarh elephant camp in India
EM-F unknown born arrived 2012-00-00 at Thai Elephant Conservation Center (TECC) in Thailand, from Saiyok Elephant Camp, in Thailand.
EM- unknown born arrived at India unspecified location in India, from Kottoor elephant rehabilitation centre (ERC) , in India.
EM-M unnamed (wild) born arrived 2016-07-05 at Theppakadu Mudumalai Forest Camp (MFC) in India
EM-F Valli born arrived at Ilanji Kumarasamy Temple in India
EM-M Wastl born 1932-05-08 arrived 1939-03-21 at Berlin Zoo in Germany, from Munich Zoo, in Germany.
LA-F Yoki born 1990-02-25 arrived 2006-07-17 at Sosto Zoo in Hungary, from Ramat Gan Zoo, in Israel.
EM-M Yuma (Yoma) born 2005-05-08 arrived 2009-09-05 at Rostov Zoo in Russia, from Tierpark Berlin, in Germany.
LA-F Zip born arrived 1890-00-00 at Ringling Bros. Circus in United States, from Shelbys Circus (Dan Shelby), in United States.

Reference list Koehl, Dan, (2023). Sources. Elephant Encyclopedia, available online retrieved 20 September 2021 at https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=5. (archived at the Wayback machine)

Sources used for this article is among others:

EEGs first documentation; Elefanten am Zoo und Circus

Selected publications

Haufellner, Alexander; Kurt, Fred; Schilfarth, Jürgen; Schweiger, Georg; Elefanten in Zoo und Circus, (EEG)

Links about Sources

Selected external links for this article about Sources:

Woodcock, William; Buckles Blog. Discussion of Circus History all over the world online at http://bucklesw.blogspot.com/
Livet, Jonas; elephant database online at https://www.asianelephant.net
Prager, Petra; elephant database online at https://elefanten-fotolexikon.eu/?lang=EN

External relevant links

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