Trunk

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Definition of Trunk
(Scientific name: Proboscis)

From the elephant glossary Section: elephant anatomy

Cross-section of an elephant trunk.

Cross-section of an elephant trunk.

Random Literature

The elephant trunk does NOT have 150 000 muscles, or 120 000 or 40 000 or 20 000 muscles, the elephants trunk only have ONE muscle, named Musculus caninus!

The trunk, or proboscis, is a fusion of the nose and upper lip, although in early fetal life, the upper lip and trunk are separated.

The trunk is elongated and specialised to become the elephant's most important and versatile appendage. It contains up to 150,000 separate muscle fascicles (a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue), with no bone and little fat. These paired muscles consist of two major types: superficial (surface) and internal. The former are divided into dorsals, ventrals, and laterals while the latter are divided into transverse and radiating muscles.

The muscles of the trunk connect to a bony opening in the Skull. The nasal septum is composed of tiny muscle units that stretch horizontally between the nostrils. Cartilage divides the nostrils at the base.[42] As a muscular hydrostat, the trunk moves by precisely coordinated muscle contractions. The muscles work both with and against each other. A unique proboscis nerve – formed by the maxillary and facial nerves – runs along both sides of the trunk.

Internal relevant links on website www.elephant.se

Trunk mentioned in The Elephant Database

1 articles about countries in the elephant database match the word Trunk.

Vietnam

18 locations holdings in the elephant database match the word Trunk.

Cabarceno Zoo Obregon, zoo in Santander
Carl Hagenbecks Wild Animal Circus, circus in Hamburg
Gangala-na-Bodio Elephant Domestication Center, camp in Faradje
Great Wallace Brothers, circus in Peru
Have Trunk Will Travel (Gary and Kari Johnson), private in Perris, CA
Houston Zoo, zoo in Houston
John Robinson Circus, circus in Terrace Park
Kolmarden Zoo, zoo in Kolmarden
Lion Country Safari, Inc - Laguna Hills, zoo in Irvine
Lord George Sanger Circus (Circus Sanger), circus in Margate
Menagerie du Paris Jardin des Plantes, zoo in Paris
Pinnawala elephant orphanage, orphanage in Kegalle
Sole Brothers Circus, circus in
Sonepur Fair, dealer in Orissa
Theppakadu Mudumalai Forest Camp (MFC), camp in Udhagamandalam
Trunk and Hump ( Martin Dinnes, Steve Martin ), private in
Trunks and Humps (Bill Swain), private in
Yo Nie, private in Yang Tao Commune

93 elephants in the elephant database match the word Trunk

EM-F Abu born 1935 arrived at Ashtons Circus in Australia, from Fritz Schultz, in Australia.
EM-M Albert born 1888 arrived 1919-00-00 at Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in United States, from Ringling Bros. Circus, in United States.
LA-F Alice born arrived 1886-00-00 at Barnum & Bailey Circus in United States, from London Zoo, in United Kingdom.
EM-F Alice born 1974 arrived 1991-08-29 at Albuquerque Biological Park in United States, from San Diego Zoo Safari Park, in United States.
EM-M Atork born arrived at Putang village elephant camp in Cambodia
EM-F Baby born 1894 arrived 1896-10-22 at Copenhagen Zoo in Denmark, from Andreas du Plessis de Richelieu, in Thailand.
EM-M Baby Butch born 1946? arrived 1948-00-00 at Dailey Bros. Circus in United States, from Boston Harbour, in United States.
EM-F Baby Sally born arrived 1938-00-00 at Maidstone Zoo (Sir Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake) in United Kingdom
EM-F Bak Kham born arrived at Yo Nie in Vietnam, from Vietnam unspecified location, in Vietnam.
EM-M Bandula (Bandoola) born 1949 arrived 1949-00-00 at Sri Lanka National Zoological Gardens (Dehiwela Zoo) in Sri Lanka, from Anuradhapura forest, in Sri Lanka.
EM-F Belle born 1952 arrived 1961-10-27 at Portland Zoo (Metro Washington Park Zoo) in United States, from Seattle Zoo (Woodland Park Zoo), in United States.
EM-M Benny (Dumbo) born 1991-12-19 arrived 2002-00-00 at Toluca Zoo in Mexico, from Circo Hermanos Vazquez, in Mexico.
EM-F Betja born arrived 1945-00-00 at Vienna Zoo in Austria, from Circus Krone, in Germany.
EM-F Betty born arrived 1963-05-14 at Sydney Zoo in Australia, from Bullen's Circus, in Australia.
EM-M Billy born 1985 arrived 1994-07-22 at Los Angeles Zoo in United States, from Have Trunk Will Travel (Gary and Kari Johnson), in United States.
EM-F Binari born 2001-09-19 arrived 2001-09-19 at Pinnawala elephant orphanage in Sri Lanka
EM-M Bindu born 1968 arrived 2004-09-10 at Cologne Zoo (Köln Zoo) in Germany, from Port Lympne Zoo, in United Kingdom.
EM-M Black Diamond born 1897 arrived 1928-00-00 at Al G. Barnes Circus in United States, from Wilson's Greater Shows, in United States.
EM-F Bommi born ~1956 arrived at Theppakadu Mudumalai Forest Camp (MFC) in India, from unknown, in Unknown.
EM-M Brahma born 1982 arrived 1994-03-30 at Kolmarden Zoo in Sweden, from Mysore Zoo, in India.
EM-F Bridgeport born 1882-02-02 arrived 1882-02-02 at Barnum and London Circus in United States
EM-F Buffon born arrived at U.S.A. unspecified Location in United States, from Mr Owen, in United States.
EM-M Columbus (Big Charley Lockhart) born arrived 1908-00-00 at George W. Popcorn Hall in United States, from Thomas Hargreaves show, in United States.
EM-M Cu sut born 2007 arrived 2013-05-14 at Yok Don National Park elephant camp in Vietnam, from Yok Don National Park, in Vietnam.
EM-F Diana born 1995-03-26 arrived 2018-05-05 at Mailani depot camp in India, from Rampura camp, in India.
EM-F Donkey born 1965 arrived 1965-00-00 at Kolmarden Zoo in Sweden
EM-M Dunk (Duncan) born 1866 arrived 1891-04-30 at Smithsonian National Zoological Park in United States, from Adam Forepaugh Circus, in United States.
EM- Erin born 2014 arrived at Way Kambas Elephant Training Center (PLG) in Indonesia, from Rubini Atmawidjaja Hospital, in Indonesia.
MP- Fairbanks Creek Mammoth born arrived at Fairbanks Creek in United States
LA-M Fénykövi elephant born arrived at Cuando River region in Angola
EM-F Gerry born arrived at Buck Zoo (Frank Buck Zoo), Gainesville in United States, from Gainesville Community Circus, in United States.
EM-F Ginny born 1955 arrived 1962-01-23 at San Antonio Zoo in United States, from Rider Animal Company, in United States.
EM-F Grumpy born 1971 arrived 1977-03-21 at Bronx Zoo in United States, from Lion Country Safari, Inc - Florida, in United States.
EM-M Haakon born 1983-03-18 arrived 1988-11-16 at Givskud Zoo in Denmark, from Odense Zoo (Odense Dyrehave), in Denmark.
EM-F Icky born arrived at Circus World (Polk City) in United States, from Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, in United States.
EM-F Janice (Jaz, Bashful) born 1972 arrived 2006-00-00 at B and C Ranch (Bret Carden) in United States, from George Carden Circus International, in United States.
EM-F Jashoda born arrived at Chandaka Elephant Sanctuary camp in India
EM-F Jenny born 1964 arrived 2002-00-00 at Circus Fliegenpilz in Germany, from Circus Belly-Wien, in Austria.
EM-F Jenny born arrived at Circus Strassburger in Netherlands, from Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen), in Germany.
EM-F Judy born arrived 1922-00-00 at George Powers in United States
LA-M Jumbo born 1861 arrived 1882-04-09 at Barnum & Bailey Circus in United States, from London Zoo, in United Kingdom.
LA-F Kenya born 1978 arrived 1984-06-00 at Lance Ramos (Lancelot Kollman) in United States, from Bill Sharp, in United States.
LA-M Kinkel born 1983 arrived 2000-06-29 at Johannesburg Zoo in South Africa, from Kruger National Park, in South Africa.
EM-M Kosik (Koshik) born 1990 arrived at Yongin Everland theme park and zoo in South Korea
EM-M Kuttisankaran born 1962 arrived 1969-00-00 at Guruvayur Devaswom elephant camp in India, from Kuttisankaran Nair, in India.
EM-F Lallah Rookh (Juliet, Jenny Lind) born arrived 1853-00-00 at Dan Rice Circus in United States, from Seth B. Howes, in United States.
EM-F Letchmi born 1916 arrived 1930-00-00 at Sri Lanka National Zoological Gardens (Dehiwela Zoo) in Sri Lanka
EM-F Lizzie born 1888 arrived at John Robinson Circus in United States
EM-M Major born arrived 1935-11-00 at Cole Brothers Circus in United States, from William H. Woodcock, in United States.
EM-F Mary (Big Mary, Murderous Mary) born 1886 arrived 1898-00-00 at Sparks Circus in United States
EM-M Maximus (Max, Somboon) born 1961 arrived 2003-03-03 at Elephant Nature Park (ENP) in Thailand, from Elephant Heaven Nature Park (Sangduen Chailert), in Thailand.
EM-F Mida born 1975 arrived 1985-02-16 at Kolmarden Zoo in Sweden, from Circus Corty Althoff, in Germany.
LA-F Misha born 1981 arrived 2005-04-22 at Hogle Zoo (Salt City Zoo) in United States, from Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Six Flags Marine World), in United States.
LA-F Monica born 1973 arrived 1976-07-27 at Virginia Zoo in United States, from Vivo Animales, in United States.
LA-F Myntrik born 1984 arrived 1998-07-13 at Peaugres Safaripark in France, from Boras Zoo, in Sweden.
EM-F Na born arrived at Sao Mai Circus in Vietnam
LA-F Nkanyezi born >1991 arrived 2010-00-00 at Adventure Zone (Safari Par Excellence) in Zimbabwe, from The Elephant Company (Shearwater Adventures), in Zimbabwe.
EM-F noname (wild) born arrived at Prey Long forest in Cambodia
EM-M Old John born arrived 1919-00-00 at Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in United States, from Ringling Bros. Circus, in United States.
EM-M Pikang born 2009 arrived 2013-01-00 at Lok Kawi Wildlife Park (Sabah Zoo) in Malaysia
EM-M Raja born 1976 arrived at Sri Lanka National Zoological Gardens (Dehiwela Zoo) in Sri Lanka
EM-M Raja (wild) born arrived 2004-03-15 at Uda Walawe Nationalpark in Sri Lanka, from Uda Walawe Elephant Transit Home, in Sri Lanka.
EM-M Rajah born 1917 arrived 1930-06-00 at Auckland Zoo in New Zealand, from Hobart Beaumaris Zoo, in Australia.
EM-F Rebecca born 1961 arrived 2004-01-20 at Performing Animal Welfare Society / ARK 2000 (PAWS) in United States, from Performing Animal Welfare Society (PAWS), in United States.
EM-M Rio (Ryo) born arrived 1919-00-00 at Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in United States, from Ringling Bros. Circus, in United States.
EM-M Rivaldo (wild) born arrived 2021-08-02 at Mudumalai National Park in India, from Vazhaithottam check post elephant kraal, in India.
EM-F Saba born 1968 arrived 2019-08-23 at Arnhem Zoo (Burgers Zoo) in Netherlands, from Kolmarden Zoo, in Sweden.
EM-F Safari born 1926 arrived 1956-05-31 at Dresden Zoo in Germany, from Zoo Circus, in Sweden.
EM-F Safari born 1960 arrived 2014-12-10 at Toluca Zoo in Mexico, from Circo Francisco Atayde Garcia, in Mexico.
EM-M Sambo born 1961 arrived 2010-12-25 at Phnom Tamao Zoo and Wildlife Rescue Center (PTWRC) in Cambodia, from Elephant Valley Project Cambodia, in Cambodia.
EM-M Sammy born 1908 arrived 1933-07-10 at Belle Isle Nature Zoo (Safariland, Detroit Zoo) in United States, from Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus, in United States.
EM-F Sandai born 1985 arrived 2000-08-23 at Kolmarden Zoo in Sweden, from Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen), in Germany.
EM-F Sheeba born arrived at Manila Zoo (Manila Zoological and Botanical Gardens) in Philippines, from Asia unspecified location, in Asia unspecified country.
LA-F Shona born 1990 arrived 1993-00-00 at Boras Zoo in Sweden, from Kruger National Park, in South Africa.
EM-F Sleepy born arrived 1972-00-00 at Lion Country Safari, Inc - Laguna Hills in United States
LA-M Slit Trunk born 1959? arrived at Amboseli National Park in Kenya
EM-M Sneezy born 1973 arrived 1977-07-29 at Tulsa Zoo in United States, from Memphis Zoo, in United States.
EM-F stillborn born 1902-08-31 arrived 1902-08-31 at London Zoo in United Kingdom
EM-F Sunda born 1962 arrived 1966-07-16 at Topeka Zoo in United States, from Catskill Game Farm, in United States.
EM-F Tamu (Tamy, Tommy) born 1960 arrived 2014-12-10 at Toluca Zoo in Mexico, from Circo Francisco Atayde Garcia, in Mexico.
EM-F Tara born arrived 1989-00-00 at Kipling Camp in India, from Mark Shand (1951-2014), in Italy.
EM-F Tess born 1981 arrived 2008-09-12 at Houston Zoo in United States, from Have Trunk Will Travel (Gary and Kari Johnson), in United States.
EM-M Thong Nang (stillborn) born 2019-12-01 arrived 2019-12-01 at Yo Nie in Vietnam
EM-F Tillie born 1924 arrived 1935-05-31 at Nay Aug Park Zoo in United States, from Benson Wild Animal Farm (Bedford Zoo), in United States.
EM-M Tippoo Sahib born arrived 1848-00-00 at Van Amburg Circus in United States, from Unknown, in Unknown.
EM-M Toug-Toulog born arrived 1885-00-00 at P. T. Barnum in United States, from Barnum and London Circus, in United States.
EM-M Tucker born 2005-05-12 arrived 2008-09-12 at Houston Zoo in United States, from Have Trunk Will Travel (Gary and Kari Johnson), in United States.
EM- unknown born 2020 arrived 2021-11-14 at Saree Elephant Training Center (PLG-Saree) in Indonesia, from Aceh unspecified location, in Indonesia.
EM-unknown unknown born 2017? arrived 2018-07-25 at Uda Walawe Elephant Transit Home in Sri Lanka, from Sri Lanka unspecified location, in Sri Lanka.
- unknown born arrived at Mehan Gardens in Philippines
EM-M Vance (Doc) born 1971 arrived 1988-09-21 at Bowmanville Zoo in Canada, from Trunks and Humps (Bill Swain), in United States.
EM-M Y Ghen born 1974 arrived 2008-00-00 at Buon Don Eco Tourism Company in Vietnam
EM-F Zina (Zita, Siena) born 1960 arrived 2011-06-08 at Little Rock Zoological Gardens in United States, from Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation, in United States.

Reference list Koehl, Dan, (2021). Trunk. Elephant Encyclopedia, available online retrieved 20 September 2021 at https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=40. (archived at the Wayback machine)

Sources used for this article is among others:

*Muscle architecure of the elongated nose in the Asian Elephant . Accessed 22 July 2021 at https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jvms/63/5/63_5_533/_pdf (pdf).
*Elephants anatomy on Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Anatomy_and_morphology

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