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Search:
Cancer
Definition of Cancer
From the
elephant glossary
Section: disease
Random Literature
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Cancer is a
Group
of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread.
Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other cause.
With elephants, the more common types of cancer is cancer in
Feet
,
Uterus
, Breasts, or Lymph nodes.
Elephants seem to have 20 different copies of a tumor-suppressing gene known as p53.
Selection pressure for cancer suppression is stronger in
Species
that are larger and live longer, thus humans have evolved more effective cancer suppression than mice, and larger animals, such as elephants and whales, have evolved more effective cancer suppression than humans.
Cancer incidence does not increase with body size and lifespan. The product of mass and lifespan is not a good predictor of cancer incidence as shown by the logistic regression (model fit shown as red line). The elephant data point is from data collected from Elephant Encyclopedia database and is based off of 644 annotated deaths (Koehl 1995-2012).
We analyzed data from the Elephant Encyclopedia (Koehl 1995-2012) on the cause of death for elephants in captivity in order to get an estimate of their age-incidence and overall lifetime risk of cancer (Figure 5). Out of 644 annotated deaths there were 20 cases of cancer/lethal tumors, resulting in a lifetime cancer incidence of 3.1%.
Using this calculation, the lifetime cancer death rate in elephants in captivity only increased to 4.8%, compared to the 25% lifetime cancer
Mortality
rates in humans in the United States (ACS
2013) and 13% worldwide (Ferlay et al. 2010).
Caulin, Aleah; "Petos Paradox and the Evolution of Cancer Suppression"
30 Deceased elephants due to cancer.
Name
Species
Sex
Origin
Age
Birth
Death date
Death reason
Parents
Arrival
Death location
+
-Andra-
EM
F
unknown
62
1959?
2021-10-19
pathological
Cancer in Uterus
x
Circus Rolando Orfei (Hanmar Circus, Coda Prin)
+
-Mala-
LA
F
wild
36
1985
2021-07-30?
disease
cancer in the Lymph nodes
x
1988-00-00
Platschow Elefantenhof
+
-Juno-
EM
F
wild
51
1970
2021-03-18
euthanised
breast cancer
x
2002-04-25
El Paso Zoo
+
-Pawankali-
EM
F
wild
?
2020-03-02
disease
cancer
x
Shri Panchayati Akhada Mahanirvani temple
+
-Hanako-
EM
F
captive-born
57
1963-09-24
2020-02-15
euthanised
cancer in foot
Thonglaw
x
Tuy Hoa
1997-12-09
Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium
+
-Siri-
EM
F
wild
52
1963-06-00
2015-06-24
euthanised
because of cancer
x
2015-00-00
Knies Kinderzoo
+
-Bimbi-
EM
F
wild
43
1971
2014-04-02
euthanised
cancer
x
1972-00-00
Walding Zoo
+
-Lumni (Lubni, Luki, Lukky, Lucky)-
LA
F
wild
32
1982
2014-03-19
euthanised
Cancer in Uterus
x
2010-06-17
La Teste Zoo du Bassin d´Arcachon
+
-Limba-
EM
F
wild
49
1964
2013-12-03
euthanised
cancer
x
Bowmanville Zoo
+
-Sara-
LA
F
wild
51
1962-00-00
2013-11-20
euthanised
cancer
x
1964-09-08
Rostock Zoo
+
-Jenny-
EM
F
wild
52
1961
2013-08-23
disease
heart attack because of cancer
x
2009-04-04
Belfast Zoo
+
-Mila-
EM
F
unknown
40
1973
2013-07-18
disease
cancer in Uterus
x
2008-06-30
Sapucaia Zoo
+
-Nelly-
EM
F
wild
42
1970
2012-10-18
disease
cancer?
x
1972-09-19
Rome Zoo
+
-Bandula-
LA
M
wild
30
1982
2012-10-11
euthanised
spleen cancer
x
Natal Zoological Gardens & Lion Park
+
-Loisaba-
LA
F
wild
13
1998-01-00
2011-06-28
disease
pneumonia indicating
Elephant TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
or Cancer
x
Tsavo National Park
+
-Salaita-
LA
M
wild
2
2008
2010-11-14
disease
pneumonia indicating
Elephant TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
or Cancer?
x
2010-09-25
DSWT Ithumba
+
-Darka-
EM
F
unknown
42
1962
2004-07-14
disease
brain cancer
x
1997-07-19
Danzig Zoo (Zoo Gdansk)
+
-Ungerly-
EM
F
unknown
33
1970
2003
disease
cancer
x
2000-00-00
Circus Mundial
+
-Emma Lou-
EM
F
wild
?
2003
disease
Stomach Cancer
x
1996-00-00
Wild Adventures
+
-Tharun-
EM
M
captive-born
5
1995-12-25
2000-12-30
disease
cancer?
Hussein
x
Thura
2000-06-29
Pont-Scorff Zoo
+
-Trulli-
EM
F
wild
42
1958
2000-03-30
disease
foot problems, foot cancer
x
1960-06-25
Karlsruhe Zoo
+
-Vijaya-
EM
M
wild
36
1963
1999-09-11
disease
brain cancer
x
1975-00-00
Pinnawala elephant orphanage
+
-Judy-
EM
F
wild
52
1945
1997-10-08
disease
Cancer
x
1949-07-19
Oklahoma City Zoo
+
-Pepita-
EM
F
wild
45
1950
1995
disease
Uterus cancer
x
1990-00-00
Zoolandia
+
-Nosey-
EM
F
wild
47
1946
1993-10-14
euthanised
arthritis; possible uterine cancer
x
1949-09-10
Fresno Chaffee Zoological Gardens
+
-Sonia (Sona)-
EM
F
wild
35
1956
1991-10-16
euthanised
hoof cancer
x
1967-09-10
Ostrava Zoo
+
-Zita-
EM
F
wild
21
1969
1990-07-15
disease
cancer in Pancreas
x
1987-08-11
Riga Zoo
+
-Gusti-
EM
F
wild
15
1970
1985-06-05
disease
Cancer
x
1978-01-01
Augsburg Zoo
+
-Timbo-
LA
M
wild
17
1961
1978-05-03
disease
cancer in the stomach
x
Ramat Gan Zoo
+
-Bambi-
EM
F
wild
25
1952
1977
euthanised
foot cancer
x
1955-00-00
Tierpark Berlin
Reference list
Koehl, Dan, (2024).
Cancer
. Elephant Encyclopedia, available online retrieved 20 September 2021 at
https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=218
. (
archived
at the
Wayback machine
)
Sources used for this article is among others:
Caulin, Aleah (July 1, 2014). "Petos Paradox and the Evolution of Cancer Suppression". repository.upenn.edu
https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3040&context=edissertations
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27642012/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer
Selected publications
Links about Cancer
Selected external links
for this article
about Cancer:
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